Tense

Tense (बिदिन्था)

Tense means action of verb.

1.Present Tense 2.Past Tense 3.Future Tense

1.Present Tense ( दा बिदिन्था )

i.Present Simple or Indefinite Tense

ii.Present Continuous Tense

iii.Present Perfect Tense

iv.Present Perfect Continuous Tense

2.Past Tense ( गोदो बिदिन्था )

i.Past Simple or Indefinite Tense

ii.Past Continuous Tense

iii.Past Perfect Tense

iv.Past Perfect Continuous Tense

3.Future Tense ( इयुन बिदिन्था )

i.Future Simple or Indefinite Tense

ii.Future Continuous Tense

iii.Future Perfect Tense

iv.Future Perfect Continuous Tense

v Present Simple or Indefinite Tense

F/P/S: S + V¹+ O/OW (Main Verb)

S + am/is/are + O/OW (Be Verb)

S + have/has + O /OW ( Have Verb)

S + can/may/must +v¹ +O/OW

P S/N P/N

1^stp I go/am/have We go/are/have

2^ndp you go/are/have you go/are/have

3^rdp He/she,it goes,s,ies They go/are/have

This, That /is/has these,those

( Noun or name ) ( Noun or name)

Boy ,girl boys,girls

Man men

Woman women

The labour the labours Noun or name

The old man the old men

Book ,water books,waters

Bird,animal birds,animals

Gentleman gentlemen

Child children

Ram ram and ritul

Mango mongoes

Your sister your sisters

His brother his brothers

Her mother her mothers

Our father our fathers

My house etc. my houses etc.

N.B:

i. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों

am/have/can/must/may बाहाय नांगौ।

i. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा

plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों

are/ have/can/must/may बाहाय नांगौ।

ii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों

is/has/can/must/may बाहाय नांगौ।

N.B: F=formation,P=Pattern,S=Structure

S=Subject,O=object, O/W=Other word

V¹=Present form of verb,V=verb,1=present form

V² =past form of verb,v=verb ,2=past form ,V³=past participle form,v=veb, 3=past participle form

P=person,S/N= singular number,P/N=plural number

Ø Positive sentence

Ø Main verb

Eg: I go to school everyday .आं सामफ्रोमबो फरायसालियाव थांयो।

We play cricket.जों क्रिकेट गेलेयो।

It rains now.दा अखा हायो।

He writes a letter once a week.बियो सब्तायाव खनसे गांसे लाइजाम लिरो।

Ø Be verb

Eg:I am a student.आं सासे फरायसा।

You are my friend.नों आंनि लोगो ।

This is your house.बेयो नोंनि न।

Saorai is a doctor.सावराया सासे डक्टर।

He is our Headmaster.बियो जोंनि गाहाइ फोरोंगिरि।

Ø Have verb

Eg:I have a car.आंहा गंसे गारि दं।

you

They have lots of property.

Raijw and Radai

राइजो आरो रादाइहा गोबां सम्फटी ।

She

It has two brothers.

Radai

रादाइहा सानै बिदा-फंबाइ दं।

Ø Uses:

1.जदि sentence नि subject आ 3^rd person,singular number जायोब्ला verb जों ‘’ es,s or ies’’दाजाब नांगौ।

i.’’es’’ नि दाजाबनाय : verb नि उनाव ss,sh,ch,o and x थायोब्ला।

Eg:He always goes to school by bus.

She does her homework.

Ansuma watches Tv.

Viz:miss+es=misses,brush+es=brushes,rush+es=rushes, do+es=does,go+es=goes, box+es =boxes,watch+es=watches etc.

ii.‘’s’’ नि दाजाबनाय : verb नि उनाव y थायोब्ला आरो बेनि सिगांआव vowel थायोब्ला आरो गुबुन verb जोंबो दाजाबनाय जायो।

Eg:Bimung plays football.

Viz:play+s=plays,obey+s=obeys,pay+s=pays,say+s=says etc.

She writes a letter.

Viz:write+s=writes,dream+s=dreams,learn+s=learns,eat+s=eats etc

iii.‘’ies’’ नि दाजाबनाय : verb नि उनाव y थायोब्ला आरो बेनि सिगांआव consonant थायोब्ला ‘’y’’ नि सोलायै ‘’i’’ आरो ‘’i’’ जों लोगोसे ‘’es’’ दाजाबनाय जायो। ( y= i + es= ies)

Eg:Bird flies in the sky.

Viz:fly+ies=flies,body+ies=bodies,cry+ies=cries,carry+ies=carries,enenemy+ies=enemies,study+ies=studies etc

2.Habitual action:

Eg:He takes tea every morning.

Your sister speaks bodo well.

Birds fly in the sky.

You wake up at 4am and have breakfast at 7am

Rwisumwi usually writes in black ink.

3.Universal truth: अराय सैथो

Eg:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

The moon shines at night.

The earth moves round the sun.

The moon moves round the sun.

Death comes to all.

The earth is round.

Man is mortal.

God is good.

Honey is sweet.

Honesty is the best policy.

Heat expands bodies.

4.General truth :(स’रासनस्रा सैथो)

Eg:We play kabaddi.

I eat rice.

You read a story book.

The boys sing a song.

5.To introduce a quotation: (रायखांना होनाय फोरमायनो)

Eg:pope says: ‘’A little learning is a dangerous thing’’.

Keats says:’’A thing of beauty is a joy for ever’’.

6.To express an action in the near future.

Eg:our school closes for the summer on the 7th july.

He starts for Guwahati tomorrow.

We leave for shillong next Sunday.

The Prime Minister arrives at BTR tomorrow.

7.It is used in an exclamatory sentence beginning with ‘’here or there’’: (‘’here or there’’ जों जागायजेनानै एबा सोमोन्दो थानाय exclamatory sentence आव फोरमायनो हायो)

Eg:Here comes our hero!

There goes the bell !

8.To describe a past event vividly as if it were present before our very years:(गोदोनि जाथाइ जानानै थांनाय फोरमायनो)

Eg: Napoleon crosses the Alps.

The Light Brigade rushes upon the Russian Gunners.

Nadir Shah marches to Delhi with a fury.

9.जदि मोननै sentence थायोब्ला मोनसे sentence खौ present simple or indefinite tense अरो गुबुन मोनसेखौ future simple or indefinite tense आव लिरनांगौ।

Eg: If it rains now,I shall not go out.

दा अखा हायोब्ला,आं बाइजोयाव एबा बाहेराव थांया।

If he works hard, he will succeed.

If you request me,I will accompany you.

If we don’t hurry, we will miss the train.

If it rains, we will remain indoors.

10.To express an activity or state that continuous, verbs of perception are used in the present simple or indefinite tense because they do not take the continuous form in the ordinary meaning of the verbs:

Eg:I see a single star in the sky.

You hear the sound of an aeroplane.

Quinine tastes bitter.

11.The present simple or indefinite tense is used often with Adverbs of frequency like:always,often,usually,generally,daily,everyday,every month,every week, every morning,every afternoon,every evening,every night, every year,once a week,once a year etc.

Eg:I always go to market by motorcycle.

She often comes to school late.

Bidintha goes to Guahati once in a year.

Swmsrhree gets up daily at 5 AM.

12.Be verb ( am/is/are)

i. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों am बाहाय नांगौ।

ii. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा

plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों are

बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों is बाहाय नांगौ।

13.Have Verb ( have/has)

i. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have बाहाय नांगौ।

ii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has बाहाय नांगौ।

Ø Negative sentence:

Ø Main verb

F: s + do/does + not + v¹+ o

N.B:

i. “Do/does” नि मदद लानांगौ।

ii. “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों do मदद लानांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों does मदद लानांगौ।

Eg: I do not always go to school by foot,

We do not wake up daily 4AM

You do not visit to Shillong every year.

They do not read in class x.

Bidang and Udangsri do not play cricket.

He does not learn English Grammer.

Bidang does not work her duty.

Ø Be Verb

F: S + am/is/are +not + O

N.B:

i. “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों am बाहाय नांगौ।

iii. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों are बाहाय नांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों is बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg: I am not a student.

We are not farmer.

You are not a teacher.

They are not player.

Milks are not white

Sonati and Rupati are not there.

He is not a poor.

She is not rich.

This is not my house.

Sonati is not a good girl.

Ø Have verb

F:S+have/has +not +O

N.B:

i. “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg:I have not much money.

We have not five marbles.

You have not courage.

They have not strenght.

Swrang and Simang have not a car.

He has not faith.

Simang has not three brothers.

Ø Interrogative sentence

Ø Main verb

F: Do/does + S + V¹+ O + ?

N.B:

i. “Do/does” नि मदद लानांगौ।

ii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों do मदद लानांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों does मदद लानांगौ।

Eg:Do I go to school everyday by bus ?

Do we read in class x ?

Do you study your lesson ?

Do they play volleyball ?

Do Belaisri and Laisri write letter ?

Does he work hard ?

Does she sing bodo song ?

Does Laisri dance hindi song ?

Ø Be Verb

F: Am/is/are + S + O + ?

N.B:

i. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों am बाहाय नांगौ।

iii. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा

plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों are

बाहाय नांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों is बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg: Am I a student ?

Are we writer ?

Are you my friend ?

Are they fighter ?

Are Bilwma and Detsri teacher ?

Is he very poor ?

Is she a nurse ?

Is this your dog ?

Is Laimwn a CEM of our district ?

Ø Have Verb

F: Have/has + S + O + ?

N.B:

i. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg:Have I a car ?

Have we faith ?

Have you ten students ?

Have they lots of paddy field ?

Have Mohor and Tanush much courage ?

Has he two brothers?

Has Binu strength ?

Ø Negative –Interrogative Sentence

Ø Main Verb

F:Do/does + s + not + v¹+ o + ?

N.B:

i. “Do/does” नि मदद लानांगौ।

ii. “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iv. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों do मदद लानांगौ।

v.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों does मदद लानांगौ।

Eg:Do I not go to school everyday by foot ?

Do we not eat food ?

Do you not take tea ?

Do they not run in the field ?

Do Kamal and Raja not reach at Diphu?

Does he not read class x ?

Does she not drink water ?

Does Baleng not teach us hindi ?

Ø Be Verb

F: Am/is/are + S + not + O + ?

N.B:

i. “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों am बाहाय नांगौ।

iv. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा

plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों are

बाहाय नांगौ।

v.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों is बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg:Am I not a student ?

Are we not farmer ?

Are you not my father ?

Are they not leader ?

Are Bidya and Jeuti not teacher ?

Is he not our Headmaster ?

Is she not singer ?

Is that not your shop?

Is Hantaram not PM of our country?

Ø Have Verb

F: F: Have/has + S + not + O + ?

N.B:

i. “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have बाहाय नांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg: Have I not a car ?

Have we not computer ?

Have you not Power ?

Have they not four cows ?

Have Gwrwng and Giyan not much courage ?

Has he not five marbles ?

Has Mainaosri not text book ?

Ø W/H Family Sentence:

W= what-मा/बेसेबां/जाय ,who-सोर/जाय,whom-सोरखौ/जाय,whose-सोरनि/जाय,where-बबेयाव/जाय,when-माब्ला,which-मा/बबे/जाय,why-मानो etc

H=how-माबोरै/ बेसेबां,how many-बेसेबां अनजिमा,how much- बेसेबां बिसान,how old-बेसेबां बैसो,how far-बेसेबां गोजान,how long-बेसेबां गोबाव etc

Ø Main Verb

F: W/H + ^{do/does + s + v1+ o + ?}

^{do/does + s + not + v1 + o + ?}

Eg: What class do you read in ?

where does he live ?

whom do you want to meet ?

when do we come ?

How do you do ?

Why does she not go to Diphu ?

Ø Be Verb

F:W/H + ^{am/is/are + s + o + ?}

^{am/is/are + s + not + o + ?}

Eg:who am I ?

Who are you ?

What is your name ?

Whose house is this ?

Where is he ?

How old is he ?

How far is his village not ?

Which pen is this not ?

Ø Have Verb

F:W/H + ^{have
+ s + o + ?}

^{have + s + not + o + ?}

Eg:

what have you ?

What has he not ?

v Present Continuous Tense ( गासिनो दं/दङ /दों)

F: S + am/is/are + v¹+ ing + O

p S/N P/N

1^stp I am doing We are doing

2^ndp you are doing you are doing

3^rdp He/She,it is doing They are doing

This,That These,Those

Noun or name Noun or name

Belai Belai and Sanlai

Boy ,girl boys,girls

Man men

Woman women

The labour the labours Noun or name

The old man the old men

Book ,water books,waters

Bird,animal birds,animals

Gentleman gentlemen

Child children

Ram ram and ritul

Mango mongoes

Your sister your sisters

His brother his brothers

Her mother her mothers

Our father our fathers

My house etc. my houses etc.

N.B:

i. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों am बाहाय नांगौ।

ii. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा

plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों are

बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों is बाहाय नांगौ।

Ø Positive Sentence

Eg:

I am going to Diphu.

आं दिफुआव थांगासिनो दं/ दङ ।

आं दिफुआव थांदों ।

We are playing football.

जों फुटबल गेलेगासिनो दं/ दङ।

जों फुटबल गेलेदों ।

He is reading book.

बियो बिजाब फरायगासिनो दं/ दङ।

बियो बिजाब फरायदों।

It is raining now.

दा अखा हागासिनो दं/ दङ।

दा अखा हादों।

Ø Uses:

1.Verb जों ing दाजाबब्ला verb नि महरा सोलायनाय :

i.Verb नि जोबथि “e” हांखोखौ ing दाजाबनाय समाव बोखारनाय जायो ।

Eg: I am dancing a bodo song,

He is taking tea.

Viz:leave + ing = leaving,believe + ing = believing,

take + ing= taking,give + ing = giving,

dance + ing = dancing,love + ing = loving etc.

ii.माब्लाबा Verb आव double “e” हांखो थायोब्ला ing दाजाबनाय समाव मोनसेखौबो बोखारनाय जाया ।

Eg:.Dr.Boro is seeing the patient.

I am seeing a play to-night.

Viz:see + ing = seeing,agree + ing = agreeing,

flee + ing = fleeing etc

iii.मोनसेल’syllable थानाय verb ना जदि मोनसेल’ vowel थायो आरो बिनि जोबथा हांखोया जदि मोनसेल’ consonant थायो ing दाजाबनाय समाव consonant आ double जायो ।

Eg:I am getting lots of money.

She is running in the field.

My mother is knitting a sweater.

Viz:get + ing = getting, hit + ing = hitting,run +ing = running, stop + ing + stopping, swim + ing = swimming, dig + ing =digging,sit+ing =sitting, shed + ing =shedding, put +ing = putting,spin + ing = spinning etc.

iv..मोननै एबा बांसिन syllable थानाय verb नि syllable याव जदि मोनसेल’ vowel थायो आरो बे syllable जोबथा हांखोया जदि मोनसेल’ consonant थायो ing दाजाबनाय समाव consonant आ double जायो ।

Eg: we are travelling to Russia next week.

Viz:begin + ing= beginning,admit +ing=admitting,prefer +ing = Preferring, confer +ing = conferring,travel +ing = travelling,signal + ing = signalling etc

NB: syllable (सोदोब खोन्दो) means vowel sound (गारां सोदोब ).(मोनफ्रोमबो सोदोबाव vowel (v) + consonant (c) थायो, गुसंयै v + c बुंनाय जायो )

Words division structure number

Admit ad-mi-t vccvc 2

Get ge-t cvc 1

Yesterday yes-ter-day vccvcccvc 3 etc

v.verb नि उनाव ‘i.e’ थायोब्ला ing दाजाबनाय समाव ‘i.e’ नि बदलै y जायो । i.e= ( y+ing=ying)

Eg; This book is lying on the table.

viz: lie + ing = lying,die +ing = dying,tie +ing = tying etc.

2.To express an action that is taking place at moment of speaking and which is not yet complete.(जाय हाबाया दा जागासिनो दं आरो जोबाखै ओंथि फोरमायनो ।)

Eg:Anaisri is learning her lesson.

My mother is cooking food.

The baby is sleeping.

3.To express an action in near future.(खाथि इयुन एबा future नि खामानि जानाय ओंथि फोरमायनो।)

Eg:He is starting for Bombay tomorrow.

I am leaving for Madras this week.

We are flying to New Delhi to-night.

Swmji is coming for Dibrugarh on Wednesday.

4. “Going to” form खौ present continuous tense आव बाहायनानै future आव खामानि जानाय ओंथि फोरमायो।

F: s+ am/is/are +going to +v¹+o/ow(other word)

Eg:

we are going to play football this afternoon.

We are playing football this afternoon.

I am going to buy a new book tomorrow.

I am buying a new book tomorrow.

5.जदि मोननै sentence थायोब्ला मोनसेखौ present simple tense आरो गुबुन मोनसेखौ present continuous tense आव लिरनांगौ ।

Eg:Nita is writing a letter,she writes once a week.

He often talks in the class,they are talking now.

The baby is busy,he is cleaning the floor.

The child is crying because it cannot find its mother.

Don’t go out ,it is raining now.

The doctor is feeling the boy’s ankle to see whether there is any fracture.

6.माखासे verb जों ing दाजाबनाय जाया एबा present continuous tense आव बाहायनाय जाया आरो present simple tense आवसो बाहायनाय जायो, जायफोर verb आ मोनदां हानाय अंग एबा sense organ नि ओंथि फोरमायो,viz:see,hear,notice,recognize,feel,smell,taste,think,love,hatelike,wish,want,desire,forgive,forget,agree,disagree,believe, ,equal

disbelieve, belongs(to), consist (of),differ, doubt,depend,deserve find,hope,concern,imagine,know,mean,mind,matter,notice,prefer

posses,recall,recollect,recognize,remember,result,suppose,appear

please,need,impress,detest,seem,care,understand,resemble,admireadore,amouse,astonash,attract,sound,require,satisfy,surprise

suspect etc.

Eg:I see a bird in the sky.( I am seeing a bird in the sky जाया )

We hear your voice.( we are hearing your voice जाया )

I think you are right.(I am thinking your voice जाया )

The rose smells sweet.(The rose is smelling sweet जाया )

It seems it will rain.( It is seeming it will rain जाया )

Honey tastes sweet.(Honey is tasting sweet जाया )

I love her.(I am loving her जाया )

थांखिनाय एबा Technical sense ओंथिआव बे verb फोराव present continuous tense बाहायनो हायो।

Eg:Justice Basumatary is hearing this cage.

She is smelling the fish to see whether it is rotten.

Dr.Goyary is seeing the patient.

Romila is tasting the curry to find whether it is salted.

The doctor is feeling the boy’s ankle to see whether there is any fracture.

I am seeing a play tonight.

NB: temporary action and not permanent action is called present continuous tense.

Negative Sentence

F: S+ am/is/are + not + v¹ +ing(v⁴) + O

Eg:I am not going to Diphu.

You

They are not watching movie.

Naikang and Saikong

The men

She is not learning English Grammer.

Onsula

Ø Interrogative Sentence

F:Am/is/are + S + not +v¹+ing +O +?

Eg: Am I not playing football ?

Are we not reading text book ?

Are You not writing a letter ?

Are They not sleeping now ?

Is he not eating food ?

Is she not doing her homework ?

Is it not raining now ?

Is Gwrwng not singing a song ?

Ø Negative-Interrogative Sentence

F: Am/is/are + S+ not + v¹ + ing + O + ?

Eg:Am I not teaching Bodo ?

Are we not dancing bodo song ?

Are you not sitting on the tree ?

Are they not eating rice ?

Is he not drinking water ?

Is she not swimming in the river ?

Is Pagunisri not running in the field ?

Ø W/H family Sentence

F: W/H + ^{am/is/are + s +v1 + ing + o + ?}

^{am/is/are + s +not +v1 + ing + o + ?}

^{aren’t/isn’t/aren’t +s + v1 + ing + o + ?}

^{Eg: what am I doing ?}

^{where are you going ?}

^{why are we crying ?}

which book are you not reading ?

(which book aren’t you reading ?)

when is he coming at home ?

v Present Perfect Tense

F: S + have/has + v³ + O

p S/N P/N

1^stp I have done We have done

2^ndp you have done you have done

3^rdp He/She,it hass done They have done

This,That These,Those

Noun or name Noun or name

Belai Belai and Sanlai

Boy ,girl boys,girls

Man men

Woman women

The labour the labours Noun or name

The old man the old men

Book ,water books,waters

Bird,animal birds,animals

Gentleman gentlemen

Child children

Ram ram and ritul

Mango mongoes

Your sister your sisters

His brother his brothers

Her mother her mothers

Our father our fathers

My house etc. my houses etc.

N.B:

i. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

ii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has बाहाय नांगौ।

Ø Positive Sentence

F: S + have/has + v³ + O

Eg:

You have done my duty

They

Raimwn and Bibari

She has learnt the Sum.

Sangsuma

Ø Uses:

1.To express an action that has been just completed.(जाय खामानिया दासो जोबनाय ओंथि फोरमायनो ।)

Eg:I have finished my work.

He has completed his course.

She has posted the letter.

2.To indicate a past action whose time is not given and not definite.

Eg: Have you seen the Bathou Thansali ? No.I haven’t seen it yet.

Have you read the latest circular ? Yes,I have read it but I don’t understand it.

3.To express the sense of future simple tense when preceded by ‘’after or when’’ etc.

Eg: I shall see you when I have finished my work.

I shall go to New Delhi after I have completed my examination.

4.It simply refers to present result of an activity or experience in the past.

Swmji has gone to England. (Result: Swmji is in England now.)

I have cut my middle finger.(Result: It is bleeding now )

We have bought a bike .(Result: So we have now a bike )

I have come to school without a pen.( Result:So, I cann’t write anything now)

5.The following adverbials are often used with present perfect tense:

i.Adverbials of frequency:just,just now,yet,already lately, ever,never,often,recently etc.

Eg:He has just returned from Guahati.

Hathorki has lately become famous as a wrestler.

I have already posted the letter.

Have you ever been to BTR.

We have never seen the sea.

ii. Adverbials of duation:Since yesterday,since last month,for last week,for the last few days, for two hours etc.

Eg:He has lived in Guahati for ten years.

She has read English for two hours.

We have visited Shillong since last august.

iii. Adverbials of Present Time:today,tonight,this week,this morning,this month,this year,this afternoon,this evening, this night, this day,this winter,this summer etc.

Eg:I have seen him this morning.

We have been busy this afternoon.

It has been old this winter.

6. Adverbials of Past Time:yesterday ,ago,a minute ago,last week,last day,three days ago,long ago etc is not used in present perfect tense.but it is used in the past simple tense.

Eg: I have come yesterday. -- incorrect

I came yesterday.--- correct

He has come a minute ago. -- incorrect

He came a minute ago. .--- correct

7.Go,come,set,use,rise,arrive,fade etc intransitive verbs are used in present perfect tense and with also in be verb.

Eg: He has gone. ( he is gone.)

The sun has set.( she is set.)

The moon has risen.( the moon is risen )

They have arrived.( they are arrived.)

The flower has faded.( the flower is faded)

8.To indicate an action time that has been continuing and express an action has finished but an action completed time has not finished.

Eg: I have seen him this morning.

We have been busy this afternoon.

It has been old this summer.

9. To indicate an action time that has been continuing from the past upto the present moment.This is called the continuative use of the present perfect tense and it may also be used in the present perfect tense.

Eg:We have lived in this house since 2009.

We have been living in this house since 2009.

He has read English for two hours.

He has been reading English for two hours.

10.It is used with ‘’since and for’’ in a negative sentence.

Eg;I have not seen him for a month.

He has not visited Shillong since last june.

11.To replace present perfect continous tense in the present perfect tense in the case of verbs that have no continuous form.viz: see,hear, feel,know, think,wish,want,agree,believe, love etc.

Eg:He has heard the sound all night.

We have known each other since childhood.

He has felt a pain in his shoulder since yesterday.

Ø Negative Sentence

F: S+ have/has + not + v³+ O

S + haven’t/hasn’t + v³+ O

N.B:

i “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg:

I have not done my duty.

(I haven’t done my duty.)

We have not learnt our lesson.

(we haven’t learnt our lesson.)

He has not finished his homework.

Ø Interrogative Sentence

F:Have/has + s + v³+ o + ?

N.B:

i. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg: Have I arrived home?

Have we sung a song ?

Has he read the newspaper ?

Ø Negative-Interrogative Sentence

F:Have/has +s + not + v³+ o + ?

Haven’t/hasn’t + s + v³+ o + ?

N.B:

i “Not” दाजाब नांगौ

ii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg:Have I not come here just now ?

( Haven’t I come here just now ? )

Have the boys not played cricket ?

( Haven’t the boys played cricket ?)

Has she not taught English ?

( Hasn’t she taught English ?)

Ø W/H family or Question words Sentence

F:W/H +^{have/has + s + v3 + o
+ ?}

^{have/has + s +not + v3 + o + ?}

^{haven’t/hasn’t + s + v3 + o + ?}

N.B:

i “Not” दाजाब नांगौ

ii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg: what have I done ?

Where has he gone ?

What has she not written ?

What hasn’t she written ?

v Present Perfect Continuous Tense

F:S+ have/has +been +v1 +ing +o + since/for + etc

p S/N P/N

1^stp I have been doing We have been doing

2^ndp you have been doing you have been doing

3^rdp He/She,it hass been doing They have been doing

This,That These,Those

Noun or name Noun or name

Belai Belai and Sanlai

Boy ,girl boys,girls

Man men

Woman women

The labour the labours Noun or name

The old man the old men

Book ,water books,waters

Bird,animal birds,animals

Gentleman gentlemen

Child children

Ram ram and ritul

Mango mongoes

Your sister your sisters

His brother his brothers

Her mother her mothers

Our father our fathers

My house etc. my houses etc.

N.B:

i. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

ii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has बाहाय नांगौ।

Ø Structure/ Formation / Pattern

P S: S+ have/has +been +v¹+ing +o + since/for + etc

N S:S+ have/has + not +been +v¹ +ing +o + since/for + etc

In. S: Have/has + s +been +v¹ +ing +o + since/for + etc + ?

N-In S : Have/has + s + not +been +v¹ +ing +o + since/for + etc + ?

(Haven’t/hasn’t + s +been +v¹ +ing +o + since/for + etc + ?)

W/H:w/h +: have/has + s +been +v¹ +ing +o + since/for + etc+ ?

w/h+have/has+s+not+been+v¹+ing+o+since/for+etc+?

(w/h+haven’t/hasn’t+s+been+v¹+ing+o+since/for+etc+?)

Ø Positive Sentence

F: S + have/has + been + v¹+ing + o +since/for + etc

Eg:

You have been suffering from fever since yesterday.

They

Konthai and Konsai

She has been reading this book for two hours.

Ronsai

Ø Uses:

1.गोदोनिफ्रायनो माबा मोनसे हाबाफोरा जाजेननानै दाबो जागासिनो दं आरो इयूनयावबो जागोन ओंथि फोरमायोब्ला ।

Eg:we have been living in this house for ten years.

She has been working in the garden since 3 P.M.

The boys have been playing in the field since 4o’clock.

I have been practising the violin for a year.

2.जदि मोननै sentence थायोब्ला,मोनसे sentence खौ Present Perfect Continuous Tense आरो गुबुन मोनसेखौ Present Perfect Tense लिर नांगौ ।

Eg:That book has been lying on the table for a week,you have not read it yet.

He has been learning this lesson since last month but he has not mastered it yet.

3.माखासे verb जों ing दाजाबनाय जाया एबा present continuous tense आव बाहायनाय जाया एबा present perfect continuous tense आवबो बाहायनाय जाया आरो present perfect tense आवसो बाहायनाय जायो, जायफोर verb आ मोनदां हानाय अंग एबा sense organ नि ओंथि फोरमायो,viz:see,hear,notice,recognize,feel,smell,taste,think,love,hatelike,wish,want,desire,forgive,forget,agree,disagree,believe, ,equal

disbelieve, belongs(to), consist (of),differ, doubt,depend,deserve find,hope,concern,imagine,know,mean,mind,matter,notice,prefer

posses,recall,recollect,recognize,remember,result,suppose,appear

please,need,impress,detest,seem,care,understand,resemble,admireadore,amouse,astonash,attract,sound,require,satisfy,surprise

suspect etc.

Eg:We have known each other since childhood.-- correct

(we have been knowing each other since childhood.—incorrect )

He has heard the sound for five hours. .-- correct

(He has been hearing the sound for five hours. —incorrect)

He has felt a pain in his shoulder since yesterday. -- correct

(He has felt a pain in his shoulder since yesterday.—incorrect)

Ø Negative Sentence

F: S+ have/has + not+been+ v¹+ ing+ o+ since/for + etc

S + haven’t/hasn’t + v¹+ing + o+ since/for + etc

N.B:

i “Not” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg:

I have not been doing my duty since last week.

(I haven’t been doing my duty since last week.)

We have not been learning our lesson for four hours.

(we haven’t been learning our lesson for four hours .)

Ø Interrogative Sentence

F:Have/has + s+ been + v¹+ing+ o+ since/for +etc+ ?

N.B:

i. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

ii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg: Have I been arriving home since morning ?

Have we been singing a song for two hours ?

Has he been reading the newspaper for four hours ?

Ø Negative-Interrogative Sentence

F:Have/has +s +not+been + v¹+ing+ o + since/for +?

Haven’t/hasn’t + s +been + v¹+ing + o + since/for + ?

N.B:

i “Not” दाजाब नांगौ

ii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

Eg:Have I not been working office for ten years ?

( Haven’t I been working office for ten years ? )

Have the boys not been playing cricket for two hours?

( Haven’t the boys been playing cricket for two hours ?)

Has she not been teaching English since last years ?

( Hasn’t she been teaching English sice last years ?)

Ø W/H family or Question words Sentence

F:W/H +^{have/has + s +been +
v1 +ing + o + since /for + ?}

^{have/has + s +not +been + v1+ing + o +
since/for+ ?}

^{haven’t/hasn’t + s+ been + v1 +ing + o +since/for+ ?}

N.B:

i “Not” दाजाब नांगौ

ii. “?” दाजाब नांगौ ।

iii. 1stp एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा plural number आरो

3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों have खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

iv.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों has खौ बाहाय नांगौ।

v.W/H family खौ सिगांयाव दाजाब नांगौ ।

Eg: what have I been doing since yesterday ?

Where has he been living for ten years ?

What has she not been writing for two hours ?

(What hasn’t she been writing for two hours ?)

v Past Simple or Indefinite Tense.

S:S +V² + O ( Main Verb)

S + was/were + O ( Be Verb )

S + had + O ( Have Verb )

S + could/ might + O ( Can or May Verb )

P S/N P/N

1^stp I went/was/had We went/were/had

2^ndp you went/were/had you went/were/had

3^rdp He/she,it went/was/had They went/were/had

This, That these,those

( Noun or name ) ( Noun or name)

Boy ,girl boys,girls

Man men

Woman women

The labour the labours Noun or name

The old man the old men

Book ,water books,waters

Bird, animal birds,animals

Gentleman gentlemen

Child children

Ram ram and ritul

Mango mongoes

Your sister your sisters

His brother his brothers

Her mother her mothers

Our father our fathers

My house etc. my houses etc.

N.B:

i. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों was/had/could/might

बाहाय नांगौ।

ii. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा

plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों

were/had/could/might बाहाय नांगौ।

ii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों was/had/could/might

बाहाय नांगौ।

Ø Positive Sentence:

· Main Verb

S: S + V¹ + O

Eg: I went to school yesterday.

We learnt English Grammer.

You played football last week.

She wrote a letter last night

· Be Verb

S: S + was/were + O

Eg: I was a student of this school.

We were farmers of that village.

You were at school last Monday.

They were in front of the supermarket.

I was in the museum.

Saikong and Dwiden were my friends.

Udangsri was at home yesterday.

What was the matter ?

Where was my place ?

· Have Verb

S : S + have/has + O

Eg:I had a car .

Ø Structure/ Formation / Pattern

P S: S+ v² + o

S+ was/were + o

S+ had + O

S+ could/might+ v¹ + O

N S:S+ did + not +v¹ +o ( S+ didn’t + v¹ +o )

S+ was/were +not + o (S+ wasn’t/weren’t + O )

S+ had + not + O ( S+ hadn’t + o )

S+ could/might+ not+ v¹ + O ( S + couldn’t/mightn’t + O)

In. S: did + s + v¹ +o + ?

Was/were +s + o +?

Had +s +o+?

Could/might + s + v¹ +o + ?

N-In S : did +s + not +v¹ +o + ? (didn’t + s +v¹ +o + ?)

Was/ were +s+ not+ o +? ( wasn’t/weren’t + s+ o +?)

Had +s +not +o+? (hadn’t + s+o+?)

Could/might + s+not + v¹ +o + ? (couldn’t/mightn’t+s +v¹ + o +?)

W/H: did + s + v¹ +o + ?

W/h + Was/were +s + o +?

Had +s +o+?

Could/might + s + v¹ +o + ?

did +s + not +v¹ +o + ? (didn’t + s +v¹ +o + ?)

w/h + Was/ were +s+ not+ o +? ( wasn’t/weren’t + s+ o +?)

Had +s +not +o+? (hadn’t + s+o+?)

Could/might +s+not + v¹ +o + ?

(couldn’t/mightn’t+s +v¹ + o +?)

Ø Uses:

1.सिगांयाव एबा गोदोयाव जालांनाय खामानिनि ओंथि फोरमायनो ।

Eg: I went to Diphu.

He finished his homework.

She played football.

2.Adverbials of past time: yesterday,last day, last Sunday,last month,last morning,last evening,last afternoon,last night,last week,last year, a minute ago,long ago,ago,in 2006,a year ago

Two years ago,recently etc.adverbs खौ बाहायनाय जायो ।

Eg: We came here yesterday.

He arrived a minute ago.

She was born in 2006.

I saw him last week.

His father died two years ago.

3.गोदोआव गले गले मावबाय थानाय एबा हुदायारि खामानि (repeated or habitual activity) जालांनाय ओंथि फोरमायनो आरो ‘’used to’’ बाहायनानैबो फोरमायनो हायो ।

Eg: He studied hard.( He used to study hard .)

She held her class here.(she used to hold her class here.)

4.माब्लाबा गोनो गोथो (hesitation),नोरोमथि (modesty) आरि फोरमायनो थाखाय can,may,will आरि verb नि past form फोरखौ बाहायनाय जायो ।

Eg:Could you lend me fifty rupees ?

Might I trouble you for a pen ?

Would you please tell me the time ?

The report might be true.

5.माब्लाबा गोसो जानाय (willingness),नेवसिनाय एबा गोसो दुंनाय (refusal or inclination) ) आरि फोरमायनो थाखाय can,may,shall आरि verb नि past form फोरखौ बाहायनाय जायो ।

Eg: I could laugh to joy.(feel inclined to )

He would not tell us secret.(refuse)

6. ‘’It is time’’ नि उनाव आथिखालनि ओंथि फोरमायनो past indefinite tense खौ बाहायनाय जायो।

Eg: It is time we left.

It is time I went.

It is time you started for school.

7. ‘’as if,as though,I wish or if ’’ clauses an unreal past, an improbable wish or a mere supposition Be verb past tense plural form viz: I were,we were,he were,she were,they were,you were etc. and main verb main verb form

Eg: I wish I were the king.

I wish I were the Education Minister.

He behaved as though he were mad.

She talked as if she were my boss.

v Past Continuous Tense (

S: S + was/were + v¹+ ing + O

P S/N P/N

1^stp I was doing We were doing

2^ndp you were doing you were doing

3^rdp He/she,it was doing They were doing

This, That these,those

( Noun or name ) ( Noun or name)

Boy ,girl boys,girls

Man men

Woman women

The labour the labours Noun or name

The old man the old men

Book ,water books,waters

Bird, animal birds,animals

Gentleman gentlemen

Child children

Ram ram and ritul

Mango mongoes

Your sister your sisters

His brother his brothers

Her mother her mothers

Our father our fathers

My house etc. my houses etc.

N.B:

i. 1stp नि singular number नि subject जों was बाहाय नांगौ।

ii. 1stp नि plural number एबा 2ndp नि singular number एबा

plural number आरो 3rdp नि plural number नि subject जों

were बाहाय नांगौ।

iii.3rdp नि singular number नि subject जों was बाहाय नांगौ।

Ø Structure/ Formation / Pattern

P S: S+was/were+ v¹ +ing + o

N S:S+ was/were + not +v¹ + ing +o ( S+ wasn’t/weren’t + v¹ + ing +o )

In. S: was/were + s + v¹ + ing + o + ?

N-In S: was/were +s + not +v¹ + ing +o + ?

(wasn’t/weren’t+s+v¹ + ing +o + ?)

W/H: Was/were +s + v¹ + ing + o +?

w/h + Was/were +s + not + v¹ +ing + o + ?

(wasn’t/weren’t+s+v¹ + ing +o + ?)

Ø Positive Sentence

S: S + was/were + v¹ + ing + O

Eg: I was going to school.

We were reading a book.

You were learning English Grammer.

They were working out the sum.

Rwmwi and Dwisri were dancing in the programme.

She was playing football.

He was singing a bodo song.

Jwmwi was writing a letter.

Ø Uses :

1.जाय खामानिया सिगांयाव जागासिनो दंमोन ओंथि फोरमायनो ।

Eg: I was reading a book.

He was teaching English Grammer.

We were playing volleyball in the field.

2.मोननै sentence थानायआव ‘’when,as or while’’ conjunction बाहायनानै,मोनसे खामानिया सिगांआव जागासिनो दंमोन ओंथि फोरमायनो past continuous tense आरो गुबुन मोनसे खामानिया सिगांयाव जानानै थांबायमोन ओंथि फोरमायनो past simple tense आव बाहायनाय जायो।

Eg:

When I came it was still raining.

Where were you living when the war broke out ?

It was raining when we went out this morning.

The bus knocked down the boy while he was crossing the road.

3.मोननै sentence थानायआव ‘’ while’’ conjunction बाहायनानै,जयै एबा खेबसेयै मोननै खामानिया श्रें श्रें(स्रें स्रें) जागासिनो दंमोन ओंथि फोरमायनो मोननैखौबो past continuous tense आव लिरनांगौ ।

Eg:

While I was doing my homework,my younger brother was playing table tennis.

While I was washing the napkin,my sister was cleaning the table.

While Ansai was dancing, Birkang was singing.

While Ronsai was digging up potatoes, phakon was picking plums.

My mother was cooking food and I was eating.

4.Reported Speech आव reporting verb आ जुदि past tense आव थायोब्ला reported verb नि present continuous tense महरा past continuous tense आव सोलायो ।

Eg :

He said, ‘’I am coming.’’

He said that he was coming.

5. सिगां (past) आव माबा मोनसे खामानिखौ बांनाय-खमायनाय ( increasing-decreasing ) फोरमायनो थाखायबो past continuous tense बाहायनाय जायो ।

Eg: It was getting darker.

They were stealing more and more of his money.

v Past perfect Tense ( )

F : S + had + V³ + O

P S/N P/N

1^stp I had done We had done

2^ndp you had done you had done

3^rdp He/she,it had done They had done

This, That these,those

( Noun or name ) ( Noun or name)

Boy ,girl boys,girls

Man men

Woman women

The labour the labours Noun or name

The old man the old men

Book ,water books,waters

Bird, animal birds,animals

Gentleman gentlemen

Child children

Ram ram and ritul

Mango mongoes

Your sister your sisters

His brother his brothers

Her mother her mothers

Our father our fathers

My house etc. my houses etc.

Ø Structure/ Formation / Pattern

P S: S+had + v³ + o

N S:S+ had + not +v³ +o ( S+ hadn’t + v³ +o )

In. S: had + s + v³ + o + ?

N-In S: had +s + not +v³+ o + ?

(hadn’t+s+v³ + o + ?)

W/H: had +s + v³ + o +?

w/h + had +s + not + v³ + o + ?

hadn’t + s + v³ +o + ?)

Ø Positive Sentence

F : S + had + V³ + O

Eg:I had done my duty.

We had finished our homework.

She had read her lessons.

He had taught English Grammer.

Ø Uses

1.जाय खामानिया सिगांयाव जानानै जोबाय एबा जोबखांबाय ओंथि फोरमायो।

Eg: She had read her lessons.

He had taught English Grammer.

She had written her homework.

2.“Before and after’’ conjunction बाहायनानै मोननै sentence थानायाव मोनसे sentence खौ past perfect tense आरो गुबुन मोनसे sentence खौ past simple tense आव लिरनांगौ । जेरै:-

i. Before

Past perfect tense Past simple tense

Eg:

Tanush had left the place before Mohor came.

The train had started before we reached the station.

The patient had died before the doctor came.

He had done the sum before the teacher came.

I had seen him before he saw me.

The train had left before he arrived the station.

The game had started before we reached the field.

He had finished his breakfast before his friend came.

We had left the field before the sun set.

ii. After

Past simple tense Past perfect tense

Eg:

The patient died after the doctor had gone.

We reached the station after the train had left.

The doctor came after the patient had died.

They reached the field after the game had started.

She posted the letter after she had written it.

Lessons started after the teacher had entered the class.

We went home after we had completed the work.

3.“Before,after,when,that,what,until,till,as soon as, no sooner-than,hardly-when,etc’’ conjunction बाहायनानै मोननै sentence थानायाव मोनसे sentence खौ past perfect tense आरो गुबुन मोनसे sentence खौ past simple tense आव लिरनांगौ ।

Eg: When we had counted the money,he did it in a box.

Dandhi thanked me for what I had done .

We heard that a fire had broken in the market last night.

No sooner had we gone out than it began to rain.

Hardly had he gone out when a gun shot hit him.

We couldn’t put down the new floor till the plumber had finished.

I did not understand until you had explained.

Hari had entered the class room before the teacher came.

She told me her name after I had asked her twice.

4.If or I wish खौ सानबोल्वारि एबा मोखथां नङै साननाय (unreal or mere supposition) बाथ्रानि ओंथि फोरमायनो past perfect tense आवबो बाहायनाय जायो।

माब्लाबा माबा मोनसे जाथाइनि सोमोन्दै ‘’सानबोल्वारि एबा मोखथां नङै साननाय एबा आन्दाज’’ (unreal or mere supposition) ओंथि फोरमायनो If or I wish नि उनाव past perfect tense बाहायनाय जायो।

E.g:

If I had a car,I should have given you life.( But I had not a car.)

If you had come,you would have seen it.

I wish I had invited my friend.

I wish I had helped him with my book.

If I had eaten I should have died.(but I did not eat it)

I wish I had helped him.(but I did not help him)

5.Narration or Reported speech आव reporting verb नि past tense आव थायोब्ला reported verb नि past simple tense आरो present perfect tense नि महरा past perfect tense आव सोलायो।

Eg:

D:He said, “I played football yesterday.’’

In:He said that he had played football the previous day.

D:He said, “I have played football.”

In:He said that he had played football.

6.जुदि जाथाइनि फारि फारि Sequence of events माने,बबेनिफ्राय बबे जाथाइया जादों अब्ला past perfect tense नि बदलै Past Simple Tense बाहायब्लाबो जागोन ।

Eg: I had seen him before he saw me.

I saw him before he saw me.

He had opened the window before he got into bed.

He opened the window before he got into bed.

I had done it before he came.

I did it before he came.

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बर' English Grammer

Tense

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